ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the bone-resorbing effect of demethylbelamcandaquinone B (Dmcq B) extracted from Marantodes pumilum var. alata on osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were differentiated using RANKL into osteoclast-like cells. Then, they were treated with 10 μg/mL Marantodes pumilum var. alata crude aqueous extract, 5 μg/ mL dichloromethane fraction, and 0.6 μg/mL Dmcq B and 0.06 μg/ mL estradiol. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) as an osteoclast phenotypic marker was determined by TRACP staining and TRACP 5b colometric assay, and bone-resorbing pits were examined. The gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) was measured. Moreover, the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and estrogen receptors were evaluated. Results: Marantodes pumilum var. alata crude aqueous extract and Dmcq B inhibited RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation as evidenced by size reduction of giant multinucleated osteoclast cells, decreased TRACP 5b activity as well as the subsiding of resorbed pit area compared with normal control. In addition, they reduced the gene and protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. Marantodes pumilum var. alata, Dmcq B, and estradiol treatments increased the protein expressions of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in osteoclasts. Conclusions: Marantodes pumilum var. alata and its active compound, Dmcq B can inhibit osteoclast differentiation.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the bone-resorbing effect of demethylbelamcandaquinone B (Dmcq B) extracted from Marantodes pumilum var. alata on osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were differentiated using RANKL into osteoclast-like cells. Then, they were treated with 10 μg/mL Marantodes pumilum var. alata crude aqueous extract, 5 μg/ mL dichloromethane fraction, and 0.6 μg/mL Dmcq B and 0.06 μg/ mL estradiol. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) as an osteoclast phenotypic marker was determined by TRACP staining and TRACP 5b colometric assay, and bone-resorbing pits were examined. The gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) was measured. Moreover, the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and estrogen receptors were evaluated. Results: Marantodes pumilum var. alata crude aqueous extract and Dmcq B inhibited RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation as evidenced by size reduction of giant multinucleated osteoclast cells, decreased TRACP 5b activity as well as the subsiding of resorbed pit area compared with normal control. In addition, they reduced the gene and protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. Marantodes pumilum var. alata, Dmcq B, and estradiol treatments increased the protein expressions of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in osteoclasts. Conclusions: Marantodes pumilum var. alata and its active compound, Dmcq B can inhibit osteoclast differentiation.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant effect of phytosterol from palm oil by studying its ability to improve antioxidant status of rats induced with oxidative stress by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The rats were divided into four groups of normal control (NC), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), phytosterol (P) and phytosterol plus carbon tetrachloride (P+CCl4). The P and P+CCl4 groups received weekly phytosterol pre-treatment via subcutaneous injections at 140 mg/kg rat weight for 5 weeks while the NC and CCl4 groups only received olive oil (vehicle). Carbon tetrachloride at the dose determined by a preliminary study was given as single oral dose to induce lipid peroxidation in the CCl4 and P+CCl4 groups. After 24 hours, the rats were sacrificed and the heart, liver, kidney and lung were isolated for the determination of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Carbon tetrachloride caused significant reduction in the GSH:GSSH ratio in all major organs. Phytosterol pre-treatment as in the P+CCl4 group significantly increased the GSH:GSSG ratio in major organs. The present findings indicate that phytosterols keep tissue glutathione concentration in normal levels which may indicate improving antioxidant status in major organs of the rats treated with carbon tetrachloride.
ABSTRACT
Cosmos caudatus [ulam raja] contains high mineral content and possesses high antioxidant activity which may be beneficial in bone disorder such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. The effects of C. caudatus on bone metabolism biomarkers in ovariectomized rats were studied. 48 Sprague-Dawley rats aged three months were divided into 6 groups. One group of rats was sham-operated while the remaining rats were ovariectomized. The ovariectomized rats were further divided into 5 groups: the control, three groups force-fed with C. caudatus at the doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg or 300mg/kg and another group supplemented with calcium 1% ad libitum. Treatments were given 6 days per week for a period of eight weeks. Blood samples were collected twice; before and after treatment. Parameters measured were bone resorbing cytokine; interleukin-1 and the bone biomarkers; osteocalcin and pyridinoline. Serum IL-1 and pyridinoline levels were significantly increased in ovariectomized rats. Supplementation of C. caudatus was able to prevent the increase of IL-1 and pyridinoline in ovariectomized rats. Besides that, C. caudatus showed the same effect as calcium 1% on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. In conclusion, Cosmos caudatus was as effective as calcium in preventing the increase in bone resorption in ovariectomized rats
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Ovariectomy , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Bone Remodeling/drug effects , Bone and Bones/drug effects , Calcium/pharmacology , Dietary Supplements , Disease Models, Animal , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Time Factors , Interleukin-1/blood , Osteocalcin/bloodABSTRACT
Long-term glucocorticoid therapy causes secondary osteoporosis leading to pathological fractures. Glucocorticoid action in bone is dependant upon the activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme [11beta-HSD1]. Piper sarmentosum is a local herb that possesses the ability to inhibit 11-betaHSD1 enzyme activity. We aimed to determine the effects of Piper sarmentosum water extract on 11-betaHSD1 expressions and activity in the bones of glucocorticoid-treated adrenalectomized rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats [200-250 g] were used. Twenty-four animals were adrenalectomized and received intramuscular injection of dexamethasone [120 microg/kg/day]. They were simultaneously administered with either Piper sarmentosum water extract [125 mg/kg/day], GCA [120 mg/kg/day] or distilled water as vehicle by oral gavage for two months. Eight animals were sham-operated and given vehicle daily, i.e. intramuscular olive oil and oral distilled water. Following two months treatment, dexamethasonetreated adrenalectomized rats had significantly lower 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity and higher 11beta-HSD1 expression in the femoral bones compared to the sham-operated and baseline group. The rats supplemented with Piper sarmentosum water extract had significantly higher 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity and lower 11beta-HSD1 expression in the bones. The results showed that Piper sarmentosum water extract had the ability to prevent glucocorcoticoid excess in the bones of glucocorticoid-treated adrenalectomized rats through the local modulation of 11beta-HSD1 expression and activity, and may be used as prophylaxis for osteoporosis in patients on long-term glucocorticoid treatment